The news about the dire wolf being de-extinct came very suddenly and surprisingly yesterday. The idea of using biotechnology to bring back extinct animals had been the stuff of many imaginative sci-fi stories, notably with Jurassic Park and the films the novel inspired. The announcement by Colossal Biosciences that they actually revived an extinct species now made a science fiction concept a science fact.

The method behind the de-extinction was fairly straightforward. The company extracted DNA from a fossil skull and tooth of dire wolves and was able to analyze the genome. After that, Colossal Biosciences used gene editing on the cells of a gray wolf to create dire wolf embryos and implanted them into a surrogate dog.

The first two dire wolves were born on October 1, 2024 and named Romulus and Remus, and a third one, named Khaleesi, after the Game of Thrones character, was born two months ago. As the pups grew their different physical characteristics from gray wolves were undeniable. Sporting distinctive thick white fur, unusual vocalizations and larger body proportions they still exhibited wolf-like behavior such as stalking, hunting and howling. Fortunately the trio are healthy and kept safe in a private, undisclosed nature sanctuary where they could live in peace.

With the success of the dire wolf being de-extinct, Colossal Bisociences is moving ahead with their plans to de-extinct the thylacine, the dodo bird and the wooly mammoth.

As exciting as this sounds we are still a long way from de-extincting dinosaurs if it is even possible since extracting dinosaur DNA is impossible. There are also ethical issues that have come up with the unbelievable feat by the company. Namely, what is the point of bringing animals back from extinction? We already have a difficult time keeping living species of animals alive in our increasingly crowded world. Where can these animals go? What role will they serve in Earth’s ecosystem, considering that many of their previous roles have been taken by modern animals? Right away, these animals will have to compete with modern animals and humans for resources in an Earth with dwindling supplies and land space. Then there would be intense pushback from people who would not approve of the de-extinction or of re-introducing them to the wild. We have seen this already when wolves were re-introduced into many parts of North America as they threatened livestock.

A likely scenario is that these de-extinct animals would not be allowed to live in the wild and forced to live out their lives in zoos, which would enrage opponents. Then there is the worst case scenario of nature running amok and well, we’ve seen the Jurassic Park and Jurassic World films. In other words, their re-introduction would have unpredictable and unwanted results.

There is the argument that we have no way to know how to properly raise these animals since we can only guess as to how they lived. Romulus, Remus and Khaleesi seem to be behaving like wolves, but is that because they have wolf DNA? This would make them a new hybrid species and not true dire wolves, which are distant relatives of modern gray wolves. The same situation would apply to recreated mammoths and other prehistoric extinct animals. The first mammoths would more likely be Asian elephants with outward mammoth characteristics, and the same would go for the dodo and others.

Colossal Biosciences has stated that they intend to apply their technology to help preserve current animal species such as elephants that are more and more endangered as they face loss of habitats from human encroachment and hunting by poachers.

Despite the legitimate concerns about de-extincting animals there are arguments for doing this. Proponents claim that de-extinct animals can fill in roles that are vacant in ecosystem. For example, the thylacine was an apex predator in Tasmania and Australia and their re-introduction into the ecosystem would help keep in check the populations of prey animals. Other proponents claim that mammoths would be able to help preserve the tundra in Asia with their foraging and in a way arrest climate change. That is very far fetched to be sure, and calls to mind Stephen Baxter’s book Icebones, which was about cloned mammoths on Mars. This argument about using de-extinct animals to keep ecosystems healthy is valid. Also, since humans were responsible for the extinction of animals like the thylacine, Stellar’s sea cow and the passenger pigeon, they have a moral obligation to try to bring back these species if there is a need for them in an ecosystem.

No matter where anyone sides in the argument, it is important to note the responsibility we all bare with using science and co-existing with other species in our fragile world. Still, the revelation that dire wolves have been de-extinct is exciting as it demonstrates that extinction isn’t forever.